Government bodies and central banks will provide the legal and regulatory framework and funding for the infrastructure while financial service firms, fintechs, and payment services providers (PSPs) will manage and develop new offerings. Also, nonfinancial industry and SMEs will innovate to both increase efficiency of processes and create new offerings for customers and businesses.

To consumers, these new offerings provide the value that could eventually convince them to adopt the digital euro. Civil society actors (e.g., civil rights associations) and academic institutions could scrutinize the technology and work with private sector actors to develop standards ensuring that consumer and civil rights are protected. Such cooperation would not only contribute to the security of all users but also help with the continuous improvement of the digital euro.

Some existing innovation alliances demonstrate the potential impact of innovation ecosystems on society. For instance, the Swedish government’s digital transformation program promotes R&D in artificial intelligence, 6G, quantum technology, and extended reality. Sweden provides risk capital through Vinnova, its state-owned innovation agency. This, in turn, attracts private capital and talent. Sweden’s approach has placed the country among the top European innovators. With the digital euro, Europe as a whole could become a hub for innovation, leveraging the new and versatile currency, payment, and funding processes as an engine for continuous progress.

What’s Next

Now is the time for key stakeholders to step forward: particularly, private sector players who have, for the most part, so far remained inactive.

Cooperation is needed from many stakeholders:

The European Commission and the European Parliament, together with national governments, could define a vision and mission for the innovation ecosystem. They will decide on the relevant legislation and can ensure the ecosystem is well orchestrated and stakeholders are connected. These entities could also develop innovation-friendly regulation and provide funding to support innovation where required.

The ECB should continue to leverage external knowledge to realize maximum innovative potential. To incorporate a broad range of perspectives, the ECB should continue collaborating with stakeholder representatives such as the Rulebook Development Group and the Digital Euro Market Advisory Group. The current “preparation phase” of digital euro development will last until November 2025. Even in this early stage of the development of the digital euro, the ECB should strive to more strongly incorporate perspectives outside of central banks and financial industry to recommend suitable legal frameworks to lawmakers. If the EU legislative process is completed, the ECB Governing Council will decide whether to move forward with issuance and rollout.

Companies across industries should investigate digital euro use cases now: identifying opportunities, marshalling R&D and investment, and identifying technological and design requirements. For instance, suppliers could decide to have their raw material spendings traced, allowing central certification of ESG criteria. Another example might be using the digital euro as a reward currency for loyalty programs, enabling interoperability among them. By highlighting their ideas to policymakers, proactive companies can now still influence the design and help maximize the potential value-creation of the digital euro. Similarly, financial services firms—banks, PSPs, and credit institutions—could investigate ways to add value, such as integrating the digital euro into existing payment systems.

Politically independent civil society organizations should foster constructive dialogue about the digital euro, addressing risk issues such as data privacy, resilience, cost, and digital sovereignty. Key components will need public scrutiny to establish trust. For example, the ECB might need to demonstrate that offline digital euro exchanges under a certain threshold are as private as the exchange of cash. Identifying the most relevant software pieces to scrutinize, assessing the proof provided by the ECB as well as participating in the debate are key tasks for civil society organizations to fulfill.

With the right vision and design, the digital euro could become a living symbol of Europe’s commitment to innovation—and a blueprint for building trust and cooperation.