How to Clear a Path for a Green Hydrogen Future

Green hydrogen will radically change how we power the planet–and the Nordics are frontrunners. It’s also a fast-emerging investment opportunity for infrastructure investors, and first movers will have an early and sustainable competitive advantage. Mogens Holm, Partner & Associate Director at BCG Copenhagen, explains the great potential for business within this revolution in our climate efforts.

One of the thorniest issues in the transition to a sustainable energy future is supplying energy for critical heavy industries. Wind- and solar-generated electricity is a key element in the global shift away from carbon-based energy, but industries like aviation, shipping, and cement and steel production cannot be fueled by electricity, at least as they are currently configured.

Explore the boxes for a deep dive into Power-to-X:

About Mogens Holm

What is power-to-x?

Sector coupling and hedging in the Nordics

Making sense of the hydrogen rainbow

About Mogens Holm

Mogens Holm is a Partner & Associate Director at BCG, co-leading the global low-carbon hydrogen and derivatives topic. He has worked with about half of the 20 largest emitters in the world on their decarbonization and energy transition plans leveraging low-carbon hydrogen and renewables. “I’m very lucky to have the opportunity to do frontline problem-solving with our clients daily, together with BCG’s strong network of colleagues. I find it highly motivating to answer the ‘how’ and truly impact the green transition.”

What is power-to-x?

Power-to-x is the conversion of green electrons—that is, energy derived from sustainable sources and processes—to green molecules, so that they can be used to power the industries that require hydrogen-based fuels such as ammonia, methanol, and kerosene. This process is a key element in the cost-effective decarbonization of heavy industries.

Sector coupling and hedging in the Nordics

Sector-coupling is an approach that tightly links renewable energy sources and producers with end-user sectors such as transportation and heavy industry, to maximize efficiency and optimize the use of power. For Nordic power firms, which are facing low—and increasingly volatile—power prices, sector-coupling also offers an opportunity to hedge against low energy prices by producing PtX. We see a significant internal rate of return uplift in most asset development efforts in the Nordics when an integrated approach to power and green hydrogen is taken.

Making sense of the hydrogen rainbow

While hydrogen is a colorless gas, you’ll often see it refered to by one of several hues. This is a shorthand way of indicating how the hydrogen was produced. So, for example, hydrogen generated from natural gas or methane is described as gray; and black and brown hydrogen use coal in the production process. Green hydrogen is produced through the electrolysis of water—and, as the name suggests, it is the most sustainable kind, and a critical element in reaching net zero by 2050.

The best hope for powering these industries sustainably is to use hydrogen-based low-carbon fuels such as ammonia, methanol, and kerosene. These so-called “power-to-X” (PtX) fuels use hydrogen produced exclusively from renewable energy sources, and if we are to reach the Paris Agreement’s net-zero goal by 2050 they must provide 10% to 20% of global energy needs.

But there is work to do. According to our latest research, previous ambitious projections that the low-carbon hydrogen market would begin to scale in 2030 are unlikely to be fulfilled. Volumes are currently held back by a lack of long-term offtake agreements, rising prices for equipment and energy, and a lack of supportive government policies.

Despite the significant obstacles, I am highly optimistic about hydrogen as a game-changing source of clean energy. While governments—not the least in the Nordics—focus on building infrastructure within power generation, they are also creating a conducive environment for private sector infrastructure investments. The focus of my work is helping to find the missing pieces that will make these projects and investments a reality.

Solving the Biggest Challenges

Scaling the infrastructure to produce and transport clean hydrogen may be the biggest hurdle. Transmission systems operators, a mix of public and private entities, have announced that more than 30,000 km of hydrogen pipeline will be operational in the EU by 2030. However, just 4,000 km of planned hydrogen pipelines are in advanced stages today. At this moment, hitting that target date seems less and less likely; it is more a question of how late we will be. But I believe we must move forward.

And there is progress. Producers and regulators are examining alternative approaches to the production and transportation of hydrogen. Offshore infrastructure projects such as energy island hubs could provide a means to scaling up renewable energy and low-carbon fuel production. Back on land, megascale renewable power hubs—which combine wind and solar power generation—could significantly increase the cost competitiveness of renewables-based hydrogen. The investment required for these projects has been a deterrent, but I believe that government support could make development more feasible.

BCG in the Nordics

BCG in the Nordics

BCG in the Nordics

Learn about BCG’s local business consulting services, read thought leadership articles across industries, and connect with our leadership team in the Nordics.

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What Will It Take to Reach Net Zero Targets?

In essence, we know what it will take to make green hydrogen power a reality. Some solutions are in plain sight, others require more innovation and development. The underlying question is whether the many stakeholders will summon the commitment and energy to make a sustained push to put these solutions into action.

Our recent research indicates that within the next decade, low-carbon fuels like green ammonia and methanol from the US will become cost competitive with their fossil counterparts in Europe. This shift will primarily be by robust production incentives in the US, coupled with the raising CO2 tax in Europe, which will compel the European chemical and transportation sector to transition to these greener alternatives.

These developments create project investment opportunities in the US as well as in the infrastructure and technologies enabling the use of green fuels in the shipping and power sector in Europe. We also see increasing investor interest in large-scale European green hydrogen projects as dependencies like a hydrogen grid become a reality, especially in Northwest Europe.

There is, of course, more to do. Governments can take steps that strengthen the business case for low-carbon hydrogen, including establishing mandates to create demand certainty and spark investment in infrastructure. Governments can also eliminate obstacles—for example, by streamlining the permitting process and supporting the development of robust supply chains via trade policies and agreements. And companies can collaborate to speed up the development of complex and capital-intensive hydrogen projects and platforms that match supply and demand. Finally, for businesses and investors, it’s a matter of being a first mover if you want to have an early and sustainable competitive advantage.